Journal of Translational Regenerative Medicine
"Translating Regeneration into Life"

Optimizing 3D Bioprinting Parameters for Alginate-graphene Oxide Bioinks in Cardiac Tissue Engineering

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Fatemeh Edrisi 1
Nafiseh Baheiraei 2
Ali Zamanian 3

1 Department of Modern Technologies in the Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, Iran.

Abstract
Background: Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting presents a promising platform for fabricating tissue-engineered scaffolds with controlled architecture and cellular integration. 
Methods: In this study, alginate (Alg)-based bioinks incorporating varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) were evaluated to optimize key bioprinting parameters (Alg concentration, nozzle diameter, and extrusion pressure) for cardiac tissue engineering applications. Bioinks were formulated with 6%, 7%, and 8% (w/v) Alg and GO concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.0 mg/mL. Printability and structural fidelity were assessed using multiple nozzle sizes (22 G and 25 G) and extrusion pressures (0.85–1.4 bar). 
Results: Results indicated that an Alg concentration of 8% provided superior viscosity and shape retention. The 22-G nozzle offered an optimal balance between filament continuity and pore morphology. GO incorporation resulted in thinner filaments and larger pores, with optimal extrusion pressures varying according to GO concentration. 
Conclusion: These findings provide a framework for tailoring bioprinting parameters to improve scaffold performance and effectiveness in cardiac tissue engineering. 

Keywords

3D bioprinting
Cardiac tissue engineering
Alginate (Alg)
Graphene oxide (GO)

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